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31.
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33.
The Penman–Monteith equation for reference evapotranspiration (ETo) estimation cannot be applied in many situations, because climatic records are totally or partially not available or reliable.
In these cases, empirical equations that rely on few climatic variables are necessary. Nevertheless, the uncertainty associated
with empirical model estimations is often high. Thus, the improvement of methods relying on few climatic inputs as well as
the development of emergency estimation tools that demand no local climatic records turns into a task of great relevance.
The present study describes different approaches based on multiple linear regression, simple regression and artificial neural
networks (ANNs) to deal with ETo estimation exclusively from exogenous records from secondary stations. This cross-station approach is based on a continental
characterization of the study region, which enables the selection and hierarchization of the most suitable ancillary data
supplier stations. This procedure is compared with different traditional and cross-station approaches, including methodologies
that also consider local temperature inputs. The proposed methods are also evaluated as gap infilling procedures and compared
with a simple methodology, the window averaging. The artificial neural network and the multiple linear regression approaches
present very similar performance accuracies, considerably higher than simple regression and traditional temperature-based
approaches. The proposed input combinations allow similar performance accuracies as ANN models relying on exogenous ETo records and local temperature measurements. The cross-station multiple linear regression procedure is recommended due to
its higher simplicity. 相似文献
34.
A. Olivera C. R. Fischer J. A. Bonet J. Mart��nez de Arag��n D. Oliach C. Colinas 《New Forests》2011,42(2):227-239
Interest in conversion of marginal agricultural lands to small oak woodlands for the production of black truffles (Tuber melanosporum Vittad.) is increasing in the native black truffle areas of France, Spain and Italy as well as suitable or amended sites throughout the world due to high economic returns for gastronomically valuable truffles. Successful long-term management of a perennial plantation replacing an annual crop requires understanding the system in all phases of the life cycle, and in the case of truffles this involves understanding the interactive growth of the aboveground host and the belowground symbiotic ectomycorrhizal fungus whose fruitbody is the desired truffle. Here we focus on the pre-production phase, 4 years after establishing the truffle-oak plantation and prior to truffle production. We tested the influence of weed control, irrigation and fertilizer, each at 3 levels, on plant growth and ectomycorrhizal proliferation in three truffle-oaks plantations in northeast Spain. Results show that adequate weed control improves root and shoot dry weight while fertilizer and irrigation treatments did not influence plant growth. The low dose of irrigation (50% of the estimated water deficit for the site) and glyphosate weed control both increased total root tips/plant and T. melanosporum colonized tips (ectomycorrhizae) by approximately two-fold, compared to control treatments. Distribution of the ectomycorrhizae within the soil profile was significantly influenced by the low dose irrigation treatment, with increases observed in the 10?C20 cm and the 20?C30 cm deep layers compared to the control and high irrigation treatments. Four years after planting, T. melanosporum remained the dominant fungal symbiont, despite the presence of 14 other ectomycorrhizal morphotypes from these sites. 相似文献
35.
Guillermo J. Martínez Pastur Pablo L. Peri Juan M. Cellini María V. Lencinas Marcelo Barrera Horacio Ivancich 《Annals of Forest Science》2011,68(3):587-594
•Introduction
Silviculture systems applied in Nothofagus pumilio forests are based on opening the canopy to stimulate natural regeneration by modifying light and soil moisture. The objective is to evaluate regeneration dynamics of N. pumilio along different forest canopy and solar radiation gradients. 相似文献36.
Lara Vilar del Hoyo M. Pilar Martín Isabel F. Javier Martínez Vega 《European Journal of Forest Research》2011,130(6):983-996
About 90% of the wildland fires occurred in Southern Europe are caused by human activities. In spite of these figures, the
human factor hardly ever appears in the definition of operational fire risk systems due to the difficulty of characterising
it. This paper describes two spatially explicit models that predict the probability of fire occurrence due to human causes
for their integration into a comprehensive fire risk–mapping methodology. A logistic regression technique at 1 × 1 km grid
resolution has been used to obtain these models in the region of Madrid, a highly populated area in the centre of Spain. Socio-economic
data were used as predictive variables to spatially represent anthropogenic factors related to fire risk. Historical fire
occurrence from 2000 to 2005 was used as the response variable. In order to analyse the effects of the spatial accuracy of
the response variable on the model performance (significant variables and classification accuracy), two different models were
defined. In the first model, fire ignition points (x, y coordinates) were used as response variable. This model was compared with another one (Kernel model) where the response variable
was the density of ignition points and was obtained through a kernel density interpolation technique from fire ignition points
randomly located within a 10 × 10 km grid, which is the standard spatial reference unit established by the Spanish Ministry
of Environment, Rural and Marine Affairs to report fire location in the national official statistics. Validation of both models
was accomplished using an independent set of fire ignition points (years 2006–2007). For the validation, we used the area
under the curve (AUC) obtained by a receiver-operating system. The first model performs slightly better with a value of AUC
of 0.70 as opposed to 0.67 for the Kernel model. Wildland–urban interface was selected by both models with high relative importance. 相似文献
37.
Karim Sorkheh Behrouz Shiran T. M. Gradziel B. K. Epperson Pedro Martínez-Gómez E. Asadi 《Euphytica》2007,156(3):327-344
Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis is a rapid and efficient method for producing DNA fingerprints and
molecular characterization. Our objectives were to: estimate genetic similarities (GS), marker indices, and polymorphic information
contents (PICs) for AFLP markers in almond cultivars; assess the genetic diversity of almond cultivars and wild species, using
GS estimated from AFLP fingerprints and molecular characterization; and facilitate the use of markers in inter-specific introgression
and cultivar improvement. The genetic diversity of 45 almond cultivars from Iran, Europe, and America, were studied assaying
19 primer combinations. In addition, several agronomic traits were evaluated, including flowering and maturity times, self-incompatibility,
and kernel and fruit properties. Out of the 813 polymerase chain reaction fragments that were scored, 781 (96.23%) were polymorphic.
GS ranged from 0.5 to 0.96, marker indices ranged from 51.37 to 78.79, and PICs ranged from 0.56 to 0.86. Results allowed
the unique molecular identification of all assayed genotypes. However, the correlation between genetic similarity clustering
as based on AFLP and clustering for agronomic traits was low. Cluster analysis based on AFLP data clearly differentiated the
genotypes and wild species according to their origin and pedigree, whereas, cluster analysis based on agronomic data differentiated
according the pomological characterization. Our results showed the great genetic diversity of the almond cultivars and their
interest for almond breeding. 相似文献
38.
Summary The invasive potential of a species can be assessed by propagule pressure, which measures the chances for propagules of a
species to find a suitable habitat for establishment and reproduction. Seeds, fruits, and vegetative structures that contribute
to the propagule pressure are morphologically, physiologically and genetically different from one another, thus each kind
should have a specific way of contributing to a successful invasion. In this paper we review plant traits that contribute
to the propagule pressure. Seed production provides an estimate of the potential multiplication rate of the weed. However,
it is gap-sensing mechanisms of seeds based on dormancy termination and germination requirements, which significantly contribute
to the naturalization and invasion processes assuring a successful seedling establishment in environments of high competition.
Dispersal of propagules reduces competition, mating with a sibling, and subsequent inbreeding depression, and increases colonization
opportunities and range of expansion. Some of those benefits can be achieved in a population by existence of dormancy mechanisms
and thus, the existence of a seed bank. Finally, vegetative propagation may ensure expansion of local populations when seedling
establishment is low. Broadening the scope of traits that are considered in the breeding programs aimed at commercial production
of plant propagules, to include those related to propagule pressure, is essential for adequate evaluation of invasive potential. 相似文献
39.
A 2-year study of autumn-sown white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) was conducted under rainfed Mediterranean conditions in southern Spain. 108 landraces were evaluated for yield and major
phonological and plant structural characteristics. Path coefficient and Genotype-Trait (GT) biplot analysis were used. Applying
both types of analyses to the multiple trait data revealed that GT biplot graphically displayed the interrelationships among
traits and facilitated visual comparison of accessions and selection. Wide variation was observed for trait phenology (dates
of flowering and maturity), plant structure (plant and first order inflorescence height) and yield characters (first order
branches, first order inflorescence and total yield). It was found that the accessions with the highest yields were the tallest
and the latest to flower, both on the mainstem and on the lowest first order branch, and also were the latest to mature. GT
biplots also had suggested as the accessions have been displayed according to their origins. The results showed that foreign
germplasm may be an important material for improving some yield components such as number of pods and seeds per plant of locally
adapted lupins in Spain.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
40.
Raquel Sánchez-Pérez Encarnación Ortega Henri Duval Pedro Martínez-Gómez Federico Dicenta 《Euphytica》2007,155(3):381-391
The inheritance of 16 important agronomic traits and its relationship were studied for four years in a population of 167 almond
[P. dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb] seedlings obtained from a cross between the French selection ‘R1000’ (‘Tardy Nonpareil’ × ‘Tuono’) and
the Spanish cultivar ‘Desmayo Largueta’. For some traits (blooming and leafing date) descendants segregated between the value
of both progenitors, meanwhile for others the mean of the offspring was lower (bloom density, productivity and ripening date)
or higher (in-shell/kernel ratio and double kernels). As expected, kernel bitterness and self-incompatibility behaved as monogenic
traits. Some important correlations between traits were detected. The implications of the transmission and the correlation
of these traits in the breeding programmes are discussed. 相似文献